In case of a fire, I wouldn't think of style at all. I would just try to get away as soon as possible, in whatever I was wearing then. If I had the opportunity, I would grab a bag and throw in some underwear, socks, one or two practical bottoms, some T-shirts and a sweater. And if possible, I would change to shoes/boots which would allow me to run. I would also want to bring a warm jacket/coat. In winter, I would very much hope to be able to add a hat, warm scarf and gloves.
A different question would be: What if I lost practically everything in a fire and had to get a new wardrobe? Then I would focus on my needs (based on my lifestyle) as well as my style and colour preferences . As stated in my profile, my style statement is: Casual Elegant Urban Polished Gamine. And I know my colours--they are all cool. First of all, I would concentrate on getting some versatile basics--like jeans, pants, skirts, a blazer, a cardigan, a piece of outerwear, dressy shoes, casual shoes, a pair of boots, some tees, a couple of pullovers and a couple of woven shirts/blouses--in my favourite neutrals (white, grey and black). And as soon as possible, I would add more tops as well as scarves and other accessories in my favourite non-neutrals (pink, bluered, purple, blue and torquoise).
Your needs may be different. Maybe you don't wear skirts--perhaps you love dresses or shorts. And perhaps you don't need boots but really need sandals. Try to identify your needs, as well as the lines/shapes, fabrics and colours you prefer.
The outfit you mention (black pants, white shirt, cashmere sweater, loafers, fun bag) sounds great. When reading that description, the following words spring to my mind: Classic, sporty, elegant, fun, polished. Some of these words may help you to describe your style.
Accessories are important and can really emphasize you personal style. If you like scarves, what kind of scarves do you prefer? Big or small? Silk, cotton or wool? Also, ask yourself: What kind of jewellery do I like? Are there certain accessories that I really love and/or would like to wear most of the time?
Take a look at your favourite clothing items and accessories. How would you describe them? What do they have in common? THAT may be the essence of your style. Therefore, trying to describe your style preferences by 3-5 words may be helpful. Then, repeat those words when you go through your wardrobe and evaluate whether each item really fits into your style. Ask yourself: Are these pants/shoes really classic, elegant, sporty (or whatever words you have chosen to express your style)? And do the same when you consider to buy something new.
Note that all items don't have to fit into the description of all the 3-5 words of your style statement. If 2 out of 3 words or 3 out of 5 words "fit" exactly, this may be enough. The important thing is that you are convinced that the actual item will be natural part of your general style and an easy and great match with several other items you own.
Best wishes for your style journey. I look forward to reading more about it.