I would look for a short-sleeve cardigan, one where the sleeves are shorter than the dress sleeves, so the cuffed part sticks out of it (no lumps) and looks deliberate.
This length sleeve would work:
http://www.jcrew.com/catalog/p.....=cat301172
You could possibly get away with sleeves this short - just roll or scrunch the dress sleeves up a little higher:
http://www.jcrew.com/catalog/p.....=cat301172
I really like the idea of a patterned sweater to go with this dress. This one has 3/4 sleeves. See how the long sleeves of the blouse underneath are cuffed and rolled up? Since your dress sleeves roll up higher, you can experiment with scrunching the sweater sleeves up higher.
http://www.jcrew.com/catalog/p.....=cat301172
If you don't want buttons on the cardi at all, try this shrug:
http://www.bananarepublic.com/.....pid=565040
(hmmm.... I may have to get that one myself!!)
And this sleeve length is perfect for layering over that dress. I own this one. It would work:
http://www.bananarepublic.com/.....pid=564875
A completely off the wall idea, which could work depending on your personal style, if your goal is simply to add interest with another layer (rather than keep warm), is to try layering a sleeveless sweater vest (belted) or a regular suit vest in a contrasting color. Vests are all over the stores right now. It could be an interesting look.
Otherwise, for accessorizing, if you like scarfs, this is definetly the dress to have a colorful silk scarf tied at the neck.
I have a very similar black dress myself - but with short sleeves. I'm not a scarf person (neck too short) but I do think this dress needs something substantial around the neck, peeking out of the collar. I wear a string of multiple pearls similar to this style:
http://tinyurl.com/47k2n8