I like the last 3 looks best because they are sport/casual so the shoes look more intentional. Love #5 in particular because both the blue and white are picked up in the outfit. I generally think matchy-matchy/picking up colours helps elevate casual, simple (2-piece), light fabrication outfits like these.
I love to wear white trimmed cons with white striped tees (like breton) myself.

I'm a fan, and agree with Jules about matching the white on white, then I goes from a pair of shoes that you're worried about to part of a complex outfit.

I like the shoes MG, and have clients wearing them too. They are very comfortable and supportive.

FWIW, I do think though, that they will look more grown-up and fashionable with hidden socks and tucked away laces.

I think they do Not look toddlerish ,but they Do look a bit mixed message stylistically at least with some of the looks.
The Danskos look like the Chucks as mentioned previously. As such they read Sporty and/or Rocker Chic . So color blocking,athletic vibe pieces work beautifully with them.
Some of the outfits pictured have a more Bohemian or Feminine Romantic look ( blue Ikat print shirt, floppy sun hat , soft feminine beige sweater) so in picture 1. the top half is boho/ fem and the bottom sporty rocker.
My solution? You NEED a pair of boho / feminine shoes ( Oh ! The TRAGEDY! A woman being told she has to get MORE Shoes! ) I'd suggest since you like and can successfully wear chunky shoes ,getting a Birkenstock or lookalike to wear with the boho looks. Or a sandal from Softwalk,Walking Cradles,b.o.c.,Born etc.