https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death Style Advice for Fashion Lovers en-US Thu, 30 Apr 2026 08:34:42 +0000 http://bbpress.org/?v=1.0.2 q https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/search.php https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-830434 Sun, 27 Jan 2013 20:10:24 +0000 Echo 830434@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Hmm, I think growing up on a farm helps even small children understand some things that other children aren't introduced to until later. We live on a farm (although we do not work the farm - we just own the house and the land and FIL keeps calves here and farms the surrounding land), and my kids have seen death from very early on with cats, calves and other animals (baby birds that fall from trees, etc.). They have almost never known a time when they did not understand that death was a part of life, and that it is natural and inevitable. When a person dies they are sad and cry, but they have not had a particularly difficult time accepting it and moving on - not forgetting, but not dwelling on the sadness.</p> <p>I did not like the idea of living in the middle of nowhere originally (my DH grew up here), but it has been very healthy for the kids in many ways. When my kids did ask questions about death, I handled them like IK (we are not religious) and we talked about how no one knows, but that it is a transition and a milestone, like birth. We also talked about how we can see the physical traits and personality characteristics of relatives in ourselves and in them and explained that we all live on in that way, too.</p> <p>I hope your DS is able to work through this. You have received some very sound advice here and it sounds like you are reassuring him in a way that is comforting and helpful. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-830343 Sun, 27 Jan 2013 17:17:24 +0000 Isabel 830343@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>This is a tough one. My son also started VERY young worrying about death. Most children don't start til around 8 or 9. My son also suffered from anxiety.</p> <p>We ended up seeing a child pychologist for a few months. It is very hard to impart on a child that it is nature and that it is very sad. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-830173 Sun, 27 Jan 2013 11:42:58 +0000 Raisin 830173@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>IK - well religion is not something he really knows anything about, so I guess no. I was raised Catholic, and DH has no religious beliefs. Myself, I'm not even sure where I stand. I think we both agree that there may be some kind of afterlife, or spirit, or soul or whatever to each person, so we were ok with explaining it to him that way. It was more about explaining to him that our "essence" can go on together, rather than religion. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-830026 Sun, 27 Jan 2013 03:29:08 +0000 ironkurtin 830026@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Raisin - Are you religious? We're agnostic in our family, so I never even thought of the "spirit" response. I can definitely see that being comforting to your peanut. Sounds like you two worked it out, I'm glad!</p> <p>BTW, the way my daughter started our death conversation was, "What happens if you die in prison?" I was like, what country-western song did you get THAT one from?! </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-829928 Sun, 27 Jan 2013 00:55:36 +0000 Raisin 829928@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Ik - that's exactly the way I usually start answering his tough questions. Concise, but accurate answers. Problem is, he usually asks about a million follow up questions, and our conversations go much like Ornella described. I think that when he asks me big things like this, he has probably already been thinking about them in his head for a long time (just like me as a kid!!), and so it's not a fleeting thought for him.</p> <p>Well the update is that he gradually started to ask less about it, and each passing day he seemed to have it more digested, and was less panicked. I explained to him about having a spirit and how we would go on after death as our spirits (which he sort of thinks of like a ghost). He was happy to know that we could still be together once we die, as spirits. Ornella, funny you mentioned "playing dead" because he got comfortable enough, and I guess liked the idea of spirits enough, that he said he can't wait to be one (eek, kinda creepy but I let that one go), and he figures we will die in the order of DH, me, him then his brother, so he wants us all to hook up as spirits and for me to come talk to him in his dreams when I am one, and tell him what it's like. </p> <p>Anyway, it's been a weird week of conversations with him! Not something I thought we would get into this early, and definitely not to this extent. But he's a curious little guy. Lots of good suggestions here, and I was glad to see it's no so uncommon at this young age. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-829898 Sun, 27 Jan 2013 00:21:15 +0000 Caro in Oz 829898@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Had to chime in again love IK's response:) </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-829805 Sat, 26 Jan 2013 22:29:37 +0000 Ariadne 829805@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>I like that, IK! I'm going to try that out as a "script". </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-829580 Sat, 26 Jan 2013 16:05:08 +0000 ironkurtin 829580@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Dianthus, this worked for my kid.</p> <p>She: "What happens when you die?"</p> <p>Me: "That's the great mystery, baby. No one knows. Lots of people have different ideas."</p> <p>She: "I'm scared of dying. Death is scary."</p> <p>Me: "What you don't know can be scary. But everyone dies, baby, just like everyone's born. Were you afraid of being born?"</p> <p>She: "No."</p> <p>Me: "Then you shouldn't be afraid of death. It's exactly the same. The next great adventure."</p> <p>She was 100% okay with this. Actually, it made me feel better, too. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-829353 Sat, 26 Jan 2013 06:16:58 +0000 Kari 829353@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>I still think that how Sesame Street handled Mr. Hooper's death is a good model for how to gently explain death to a small kid.<br /> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NjFbz6vGU8" rel="nofollow">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NjFbz6vGU8</a></p> <p>The first time I encountered a death was with my grandparents' cat that I adored. My dad read me the book The 10th Good Thing About Barney, and I still remember that as a really sweet way to try to help explain the concept of death without making it more scary. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-828969 Fri, 25 Jan 2013 23:44:52 +0000 Ornella 828969@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Don't have time to read al the answers, but I will be back for the wisdom - this is my troublesome subject, or at least was. I was terrified of the moment when I'd tell my son that my mum had passed away (almost 18 yrs ago) as he is also very intelligent and simple answers won't do, so I had no idea if he'd make a connection that if someone's mum die, perhaps his can too... </p> <p>In the end he actually took it rather calmly, as a fact of life, something I had tried to portray that way... we often start by simple picture of the world, then build up on it... "people die when they are old...(insert name of the people he knows about here)" then, some weeks or months later "people die when they are old or when they are very very sick". Now we're at the stage "people die when they are old, or when they are sick or sometimes accidents happen". I always tell the truth, although a bit simplified to begin with. </p> <p>Also, "When some people die, some other are sad", then next time I add "and although they are sad and some may cry, it is important to also remember how much they loved each other..." I can see he digests it, some thins will of course only make sense later, but I think the fact I make no hype over death has some effect. TBH, I sometimes fake calmness big time, I am not so terrified of death as I am of not seeing him grow up.</p> <p>Which is why I use every opportunity to plant into his head that I love him and will always take care of him, wherever he or I may be. For me the reassurance is the key to offset any (potentially) troubling emotions now that he is still so young and sees the world b&amp;w.</p> <p>He even had a stage just weeks ago when he wanted to play "let's be dead", to which I just reacted calmly, the same way as if he wanted to play tickle monster... like to most normal thing, do what he wants once, no fuss over it, get it out of the system a bit and next time try to suggest some other 'game'. Some family members once heard that request and over-reacted a bit "oh dear, that's not the game you play", but I stepped in and played with him (spooky, I know).</p> <p>He asked me when I'd die, but I know it was just his curiosity And I said the truth "I don't know, nobody really knows when they'll die" and then the distraction/life lesson technique, "but that really does not matter, what's important is that we are here now and we love each other".</p> <p>Have you tried watching "The Lion King" together? I know some parents use that as a story to introduce the whole concept of death, where the circle of life seems to help a lot. We only ever watched it once and he doesn't want again, but no so much because of Simba's dad, which is what I suspected might be the issue, but because he doesn't like the evil Scar. I think for my boy the concept of evil is a lot harder to digest than death.</p> <p>I hope this makes some sense and you can reuse some ideas. Will be back to read everything, thanks for starting the thread! </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-828727 Fri, 25 Jan 2013 18:55:27 +0000 JulieJohn 828727@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Once you figure it out, can you explain it to me? ;~) </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-828596 Fri, 25 Jan 2013 16:45:30 +0000 Glory 828596@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Not sure if any of these suggestions will help but we have had our share of anxiety especially with my two youngest children. I found that any number of things could trigger it. I think that part of his letting go of the anxiety is telling you about it and you could perhaps try to re-ennforce that by letting him know that when he tells you about his worries, you can look after it for him. I have also used with great success a concept of visualizing an empty box that the child opens and places the worries in, one by one, and closes the box. It takes some practice but worked well with one of my children. There were several other techniques along these lines that also helped. With my middle child, I did end up going to get some help with anxiety management because of the amount of school that she was missing due to it. We did 8 sessions and it was immensely helpful to her. However, she was 11, a bit older than your wee one. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-827909 Thu, 24 Jan 2013 22:53:10 +0000 Ariadne 827909@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Rae, this is such a timely thread for me. My 3.5 year old has been asking about death a lot recently and I find it very difficult to figure out how to answer her. She's incredibly smart and, like your son, won't be put off with simple answers, but her understanding only goes so far, you know? Plus I have no idea how her brain is parsing my explanations.</p> <p>I had intense, crippling anxiety about death for a long, long time as a (slightly older) child--at least a year or more, it's hard to know for sure--and I have horrible, dark memories of that time. I couldn't sleep, didn't enjoy things, felt tense and nauseated and hopeless and awful all the time... I really don't want my daughter to go through that. but I don't know how to prevent it, either. I'm going to look for that book Gingko mentioned. Keep me posted if you have any brilliant ideas </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-827850 Thu, 24 Jan 2013 21:26:08 +0000 Freckles 827850@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>So sorry to hear you and your son's troubles. You've gotten some really good advice. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-827297 Thu, 24 Jan 2013 11:08:13 +0000 Raisin 827297@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Krista, that's a good suggestion, I was just thinking I might mention it to her. At least this way too, if he has some sort of melt down about it at school she will know what's going on. But you're right, maybe it's come up already there.</p> <p>Ginko, I think the book might be a great idea! We read every night, so a book that's geared towards explaining death to kids could be useful. I'm going to check that one out. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-827263 Thu, 24 Jan 2013 06:21:52 +0000 Ginkgo 827263@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>What about looking for some library books to read to him? "Lifetimes: The Beautiful Way to Explain Death to Children" has excellent reviews on Amazon and discusses plants, animals and people. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-827221 Thu, 24 Jan 2013 04:53:23 +0000 Krista 827221@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>I'm a little late to this, Raisin, but I was going to suggest that you speak with his teacher and ask if there has been conversations about death, etc., going on between the kids or if it came up in class in the course of a lesson. Sometimes this pops up in the classroom and the teacher doesn't think anything of it, but a child like your son hears it and thus tries to understand what it means. The teacher might be able to provide a little more context that will help you work it through with your son. As a teacher/ vice-principal, I've seen this happen more than once, so it's just a suggestion to follow-up. </p> <p>Also, it sounds like you've done a great job in helping him feel more comfortable! </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826759 Wed, 23 Jan 2013 18:58:21 +0000 Anonymous 826759@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>I think you did great! </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826715 Wed, 23 Jan 2013 18:33:38 +0000 bj1111 826715@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>hugs to you. as a parrnt, it's troubling when a child is hard to console especially over "big" questions. you seem to be doing all the right things. kudos to you as a mom! </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826576 Wed, 23 Jan 2013 16:48:05 +0000 Raisin 826576@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Thanks, a lot of good suggestions, and I'm happy to hear it's somewhat normal to think about at the age of 5. </p> <p>Ceit - yah the jail thing is tough, but it was somewhat easier to explain than death. But I wasn't too surprised he came up with that one since we are both police officers. He seems to be concerned that he will be separated from us somehow, either jail, or we leave, or death....</p> <p>Vevetychocolate - he would probably love a pet, but probably get tired of it fast too. He's surprising not that into dogs, my mom's dog is always nipping at him, so I think he finds them annoying. Good idea to put his mind on something else though.</p> <p>RoseandJoan - I lost my nan also, but at 9. She was like a second mother to me, she took care of us kids most days and a few nights. It was very tough and also when I started to learn about death. Which is why I thought now was particularly early for him, especially since no one he knows has died.</p> <p>Rachylou - your comment makes sense. He is a VERY logical boy, and almost too smart for his own good, but this is one of those times he is not comforted by the logical answer. He just wants to hear that he will not die. So today we talked about his spirit and how when his body wears out his spirit will just go on and always be with us too. He seemed to like that idea, so I think that might help with future crisis on this. I sort of explained it like the body dies or wear out but the essence of him goes on. He had a bit of trouble understanding what his spirit was but I think he gets it better now, since he at least didn't cry when we talked about it this morning. I'm hoping the questions slow down now, then maybe I'll feel like he feels better about it. So far it's come up several times a day.</p> <p>Thanks for all the suggestions and help! </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826344 Wed, 23 Jan 2013 07:51:36 +0000 rachylou 826344@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>I'll just throw in one more thing... it's good to support children in soothing themselves, calming themselves down. There's two aspects to the distress - the thoughts accompanying the distress and the distress itself. And they each sort of require a separate remedy. Or put it another way, logical explanations never comforted anyone. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826342 Wed, 23 Jan 2013 07:29:06 +0000 RoseandJoan 826342@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Hugs to you and your son Raisin.</p> <p>I lost my nan at the age of six and it hit me very hard, I just could not understand the finality of death as a result I had a little bereavement counselling. Mrs Bromby had a way of explaining things which did not patronise, she explained that on this earth we are caterpillars and once we die we turn into butterflies. The imagery was so strong that my first tattoo was a butterfly in memory of my Nan. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826257 Wed, 23 Jan 2013 03:26:44 +0000 velvetychocolate 826257@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>I don't have a whole lot of experience with little kids (I became a stepmom to teenagers when I married my husband), but the first thing that came to mind when reading your post is that maybe taking on a new project - something to do with growing and creating - would help a great deal. Puts the focus back on life and living - if you have a plant, a new pet, something to take care of - even if you're only five. </p> <p>Completely out of left field - but have you considered a puppy, a new little kitty, a vegetable garden, a fabulous exotic plant to take care of? </p> <p>There's just no way anyone's going to jail if they're taking care of a new kitty or puppy. There's no worrying about death if you're busy tending a new garden or fabulous exotic plant of some kind. If you have a puppy to walk and feed, or a kitty cat to take care of. </p> <p>What do you think of this idea? </p> <p>Not sure if you're a dog person, but I recommend a golden retriever puppy to help ease your son's anxiety. Someone to take care of, and someone to hang onto in the middle of the night when things get scary. </p> <p>When you're five, you can't help but feel better when you look at these guys:</p> <p><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=golden+retriever+puppies&#038;hl=en&#038;client=firefox-a&#038;hs=ocC&#038;tbo=u&#038;rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&#038;tbm=isch&#038;source=univ&#038;sa=X&#038;ei=l1L_UML1IYa7qgG4hoHQBw&#038;ved=0CDYQsAQ&#038;biw=1440&#038;bih=692" rel="nofollow">https://www.google.com/search?.....38;bih=692</a></p> <p>(just a Google image search of "Golden Retriever puppies"). </p> <p>I recommend a pet - puts the focus on living and taking care of a loved one. Plus, there'd be so much joy involved that there wouldn't be much room left for worrying. Everything would be about taking care of the new baby pet (kitten or puppy). This isn't to dismiss fears, but rather - to feel good about life and caring for others. </p> <p>What do you think? If you already have a family pet, maybe you might want to consider getting your son his very own pet to look after. </p> <p>I hope this doesn't seem dumb. It's just the first thing that came to mind when reading your post - that maybe your son might really enjoy taking care of a little puppy or kitty cat. </p> <p>Hang in there, and here's hoping that things calm down a wee bit. Sending over some golden retriever puppies just in case </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826231 Wed, 23 Jan 2013 02:47:05 +0000 Anonymous 826231@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Oh yes! The jail thing -- V is asking that all the time too, about bad people and if she is bad will she go to jail too.</p> <p>I think it is a normal stage -- they are just suddenly aware of a world with rules working around them and it's hard for them to develop their own agency. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826166 Wed, 23 Jan 2013 01:58:31 +0000 Raisin 826166@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>I guess as an answer to all, some more details I thought of. He tends to have some separation anxiety going on lately too. For example he and I were discussing what we did that day, as he was going to bed that night. So he told me what he did at school, then I told him about my run and how I was soon going to do a big run...the marathon. Well he immediately started crying and said he didn't want me to go away. I thought it was a pretty big reaction, I assured him I wasn't leaving, it was just a few hours and in our city, and he could maybe watch some of it. But he was pretty inconsolable for a while. He's also been very hung up on going to jail lately. He asked me a million questions on what could cause him to go to jail. He said he was worried because sometimes he's bad and he doesn't want to go to jail. I explained to him there's nothing kids can do to go to jail, and so he kept bugging me about what could cause any person to go to jail. So finally I had to say when they do really bad things and are dangerous, like killing people, and he would never end up there himself. But he's still worried that he might do something that could cause him to go to jail. It's very hard because I start out giving very general answers and he wants such details, he wants to be told exactly what to do, and I feel like one wrong answer will cause him to be really worried. </p> <p>Back to the death thing, he did have an incident a few weeks ago where I guess another child told him that his father would shoot my sons father. But the friend of his actually has lost his father, he died when the child was a baby, and both this kids father and my husband are/were police officers. But the weird thing is he never mentions this incident. Only the teacher and the kids mom told me about it. His friends mom felt horrible, but at the time I was like no it really seems to not have bothered him at all. She mentioned that her son is asking a lot lately about his father. </p> <p>Anyway, I know I was quite an anxious person as a child, but I didn't talk about anything. So maybe it's good that he's telling me things, but I feel so bad that he seems to be upset all the time. And too many things are running through his head. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826140 Wed, 23 Jan 2013 01:34:41 +0000 rachylou 826140@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Raisin, do you know what he means by death? What he's picturing in his head or what feelings he's imagining the deceased feel?</p> <p>I will tell you a story I heard on the radio: This guy, when he was 5, heard someone mention the Nielson TV ratings. As a 5 year old, he took this to mean people named Nielson rated the tv shows. </p> <p>Which is to say, there can be some big gaps or misconnections when it comes to what the young make of this or that. So that might be a place to start. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826135 Wed, 23 Jan 2013 01:31:30 +0000 Anonymous 826135@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>I'll have to do some research but I think around 5 is the age identified by brilliant educator Maria Montessori when the child begins to realize what death means. </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826109 Wed, 23 Jan 2013 01:04:26 +0000 Caro in Oz 826109@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>Many children go through periods when they worry about death, but they are usually a little older. I'd be talking to him to find out what the triggers are/were. Perhaps he saw something on the news or a television show or movie that he has watched. It could be to do with a friend. If you know where it comes from then it may be easier to reassure him. </p> <p>If it is a more generalised anxiety then it maybe worthwhile talking to someone. I agree that it is important not to lie to him.</p> <p>ETA: Big hugs to you. He sounds like a very smart boy:) </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826067 Wed, 23 Jan 2013 00:13:31 +0000 Anonymous 826067@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>We've already gone through this with our daughter, who is 3.5. I found it useful to explain it as when people are old their bodies don't work as well and eventually they stop working. So we framed it that she is young and her body is strong (we glossed over people dying young).</p> <p>Don't know if that will help! </p> https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/topic/how-to-comfort-a-5-yr-old-whos-scared-of-death#post-826020 Tue, 22 Jan 2013 23:23:16 +0000 Raisin 826020@https://youlookfab.com/welookfab/ <p>My 5 year old seems to be having some real anxiety issues about death lately. He is asking me when he will die, when us (his parents and brother will die), and it's making him sad and anxious. Several nights this week he has cried to me when he's in bed or gotten out of bed later on, crying, and saying he doesn't want to die. I know he would really love me to tell him he would never die, he tells me he hopes he won't die. I have explained to him that he will live a long long time and some people live into their 100's and it's not something to worry about now. So he asked me when he should worry about it. Anyway, it seems like nothing is comforting him, and I'm starting to be very worried about it. We haven't had anyone die in our families, so I'm not really sure where it's coming from. He is very smart, and I cannot brush him off with simple answers, he asks very deep questions, and it's tough. I don't really feel like its something I can or should lie to him about, but I also cant figure out how to make him feel more at ease. It's really breaking my heart that he's so upset over something like this at his age. </p> <p>Is this normal for age 5? It seems so early to me, I don't remember thinking about death at all until I was a bit older. </p>