Marianne, cobalt is my favorite color! I'm so flattered to be copied.
The black vest looks fantastic! Don't worry about it looking dark-- the cobalt is so bright it's not dark. I love cobalt and black. How about the top with a black pencil skirt? (How many times has someone told you you need one now? ;)). My personal favorite is a black dress (sheath) layered over the button down. Don't you have a black structured waistcoat of some sort? Your CM vest will be wonderful.
For autumn, try the cobalt with cream or ivory. (This translates to white in summer.) I agree that the green jacket doesn't work right.
Also try yellow. But I suggest that if you're going to combine the cobalt with another bright, you need to have a proportionately smaller or larger quantity of the second bright (Probably in your case you will want to go smaller). So for example-- a yellow skinny belt. A cream skinny belt would work great too. Or a cream pencil skirt.
How about a charcoal grey cardigan.
Do you know I realized I have one rack of clothes in my closet that looks black, white, and cobalt? Yummy!